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Kwame Nkrumah

• 1909: September 21, Kwame Nkrumah is born in the Gold Coast

• 1930: Graduates from the Achimota School

• 1935: Attends Lincoln University in the United States

• 1942-1943: Earns graduate degrees in education and philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania

• 1945: Organized the 5th Pan-African Conference in Manchester, England

• 1945: December, Kwame Nkrumah organizes the West African National Secretariat

• 1947: Nkrumah is invited to serve as General Secretary to the United Gold Coast Convention

• 1948: February, After student protests turn violent, Nkrumah and other UGCC leaders are arrested

• 1948: Nkrumah is released and begins hitchhiking, campaigning for "self-government now"

• 1949: Organizes the Convention People's Party

• 1950: January, Nkrumah initiates a campaign of "Positive Action" against the Colonial Government

• 1950: Nkrumah is arrested and sentenced to three years in prison

• 1951: February 5-10, in Ghana's first election, Nkrumah wins by a landslide

• 1951: February 12, Nkrumah is released from prison

• 1957: March 6, Ghana is officially declared independent

• 1963: Nkrumah is awarded the Lenin Peace Prize by the Soviet Union

• 1964: After much repressive legislation, Nkrumah is named the Life President of Ghana

• 1966: While on a visit to Vietnam, A CIA backed coup overthrows Nkrumah's government

• 1966: Nkrumah goes into exile, working for the cause of African Unity from various nations abroad

• 1972: April 27, Kwame Nkrumah dies of skin cancer

updated 2010-07-17 12:59:15

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The Great Leap Forward

• 1949-1958: Collectivization begins with a series of reforms known as the "The Little Leap Forward"

• 1956: February 25, Nikita Khrushchev gives his Secret Speech criticizing, Soviet collectivization

• 1957: Mao Zedong attempts to ease party tensions with the Hundred Flowers Campaign

• 1957: Opposition to Mao's policy is purged during the Anti-Rightist Movement

• 1958: January, Mao Zedong unveils his agenda for the "Second Five-Year Plan" in Nanning

• 1958: April, People's Communes modeled after the USSR's "Third Period", are formed in Henan

• 1958: August, A Politburo meeting decides to double steel production in the next year

• 1958: September, The backyard furnace is introduced and recommended by Mao Zedong

• 1959: Steel production in large Manchurian factories is found to be more efficient

• 1959: At the Lushan Conference, Peng Dehuai voices the concern of many about Mao's policies

• 1958-1961: The Great Chinese Famine, a direct result of the Great Leap Forward, plagues the country

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updated 2010-07-18 00:02:12

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Ferdinand Magellan Timeline

• 1480: Born in Villa Real, Portugal during Spring

• 1490: Both parents die

• 1495: Entered service of Manuel

• 1504: Signed up to volunteer for an Indian voyage

• 1505: First expedition at age 25 to India

• 1509: Wounded at Battle of Dui

• 1512: Returned to Portugal

• 1514: Renounced nationality

• 1517: Went to Spain
  • • • October 20: Arrived in Seville

• 1518: Signed agreement with King Charles I

• 1519: With King Charles I's support, sets off in journey to Spice Islands
  • • • August 10: Five ships under Magellan's command set sail from Seville, travel Guadalquivir River
      • September 20: Set sail from Sanlucar de Barrameda
      • September 29: Reached Tenerife
      • November 27: Crossed the equator
      • December 6: South America sighted
      • December 13: Anchor in what is now Rio de Janeiro and stay till Christmas
      • December 26: Left Rio de Janeiro

• 1520: Spice Island voyage continues
  • • • January 10: Reached Rio de la Plata
      • February 2: Left river of Saint Christopher
      • March 30: Puerto San Julian established
      • April 2: Conflict arose between ship captains
      • August 24: Four ships left port of Saint Julian (smallest ship lost previously)
      • October 18: Sailed from river of Santa Cruz
      • October 21: Arrived at Cape Virgenes and discovered Straight of Magellan
      • November 1: Fleet traveled through Straight of Magellan
      • November 20: San Antonio returned to Spain
      • November 26: Left Straight of Magellan
      • November 28: Remaining ships arrive in South Pacific
      • Magellan names Pacific Ocean
      • Magellan first European to get to Tierra del Fuego

• 1521: Continues journey to Spice Islands
  • • • February 13: Reach equator ...

updated 2010-07-17 05:10:12

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Richard Nixon

• WhiteHouse.gov: Richard M. Nixon

updated 2012-05-02 21:47:41

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1906 San Francisco Earthquake

"Not in history has a modern imperial city been so completely destroyed. San Francisco is gone. Nothing remains of it but memories and a fringe of dwelling-houses on its outskirts."—Jack London

"Many burned-out people passed our house with bundles and ropes around their necks, dragging heavy trunks. From the moment they heard that fatal, heart-rending sound of the trumpet announcing their house would be burned or dynamited, they had to move on or be shot."—Rosa Barenda, eyewitness

updated 2012-05-12 19:56:21

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Mayan Calendar

The Long Count division of the Mayan Calendar comes to an end on what experts believe corresponds to December 21 2012 in the Gregorian Calendar. This date would be the 13 Ahau in the Mayan Calendar. The Long Count's starting date is what Mayans believed was the creation of the world. Some Mayan researchers say the interpretation of the end of the world on 13 Ahau is inaccurate, instead the date signifies rebirth and the start of a new cycle.Mayan Calendar Site: The Mayan Calendar USA Today: Does Maya calendar predict 2012 apocalypse? (September 7, 2007)

updated 2010-07-17 15:04:08

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How To Argue Persuasively

There is another class of arguments, called "inductive" arguments. Inductive arguments, in the words of logician P.D. Magnus, "generalize from many cases to a conclusion about all cases." http://www.fecundity.com/codex/forallx.pdf

Magnus, on p. 9 of his book forallX, gives the following example of an inductive argument:

"In January 1997, it rained in San Diego. In January 1998, it rained in San Diego. In January 1999, it rained in San Diego. Therefore, it rains every January in San Diego." http://www.fecundity.com/codex/forallx.pdf

Now, inductive arguments cannot be valid or invalid; their premises can be true or false, and thus give you more or less reason to believe the prediction or generalization. But there is no perfect structure to be found here. Inductive arguments are useful, though they are open to criticism on the ground that they don't really offer certainty like deductive arguments (i.e. the kind we discussed earlier). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_reasoning

updated 2010-07-17 07:59:25

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Deng Xiaoping

• 1904: Born August 22 in Sichuan Province, China

• 1920: Travels to France for his studies

• 1924: Joins the European chapter of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

• 1927: Returns to China to work in the CCP's Shanghai office

• 1929: Helps establish a Communist military base in Guangxi Province, China

• 1934: Participates in the Long March

• 1949: Mao Zedong establishes the People's Republic of China | Deng rises up the party ranks

• 1952: Elevated to Vice Premier of the CCP

• 1956: Becomes Secretary-General of the CCP

• 1960: Collaborates with President Liu to enact economic reforms aimed to stop starvation in China

• 1966: Sent to the countryside because of his economic ideas

• 1977: Once again named Vice-Premier

• 1978: The CCP implements Deng's program of economic reform and international trade

• 1980: Shenzhen becomes the first special economic zone | Deng's economic policies tested

• 1989: On June 3, under Deng's orders, the Chinese army opens fire at protesters in Tiananmen Square

• 1989: Resigns from his post as Chairman of China's Military Commission

• 1992: Leads CCP officials on Shenzhen tour | Urged Chinese to take advantage of free-market economy

• 1997: Dies from Parkinson's disease and lung infection

updated 2010-07-17 03:11:07

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Pocahontas

• 1595: Born with the name Matoaka

• 1607: Settlers arrive and Pocahontas meets John Smith

• 1613: Pocahontas kidnapped by Captain Samuel Argall

• 1613: Marries a tobacco farmer, John Rolfe

• 1615: Son, Thomas Rolfe, was born

• 1616: Arrives in London as part of a peace keeping effort

• 1617: Became deathly ill and passed away in Gravesend, England

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updated 2012-05-12 22:05:50

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