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- Officially House Resolution 194
- Introduced by white Tennessee Congressman Steve Cohen
- First introduced in February 2007
- Resolution has 120 co-sponsors
- Jim Crow laws maintained southern segregation of races after the Emancipation Proclamation of 1862
- Jim Crow was not a person, but the subject of a song sung by white minstrels in blackfacePBS.org: The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow
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July 29, 2008: In the first comprehensive apology to African-Americans of its kind, the U.S. House of Representatives recognized "the fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity" of slavery and segregationist Jim Crow laws.Library of Congress: House Resolution 194 (full text)
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The Question of Reparations
House Resolution 194 does not address the question of material "reparations" being paid to the descendants of slaves. Its language, however, does appear to leave open the possibility, expressing a "commitment to rectify the lingering consequences of the misdeeds committed against African-Americans under slavery and Jim Crow."Library of Congress: House Resolution 194 (full text) -
Past Federal Apologies
The resolution is not the first official apology issued by a branch of the federal government. The following is a list of some of the government's other historic apologies.- 1988: On August 4, the House passed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, ackowledging and providing redress for the "fundamental injustice" of the forced relocation of Japanese-Americans to internment camps during World War II.Children-of-the-camps.org: Civil Liberties Act of 1988
- 1993: 100 years after a U.S. official conspired to take over the autonomous Kingdom of Hawaii, the House and Senate apologized to native Hawaiians with Joint Resolution 19.Hawaii-Nation.org: Congress Joint Resolution 19
- 1996: President Clinton formally apologized to victims of the Tuskegee Experiment, a 40 year government study in which 399 black men were deliberately left untreated for Syphilis.NARA.gov: Remarks by the President in apology for the experiment done in Tuskegee (May 16, 1997)
- 2005: Senate Resolution 39 made "an apology offered in the spirit of true repentance" for the Senate's failure to enact legislation against the once-widespread practice of lynching.Senate.gov: Senate Resolution 39
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Slavery Jim Crow Apology Questions
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Why does a rooster crow? 3 AnswersJust as other birds singing at varying times throughout the day, the time when roosters crow also varies. However, it is true that most crowing occurs in the mo... read more -
Who really abolished slavery in the USA? 3 AnswersOne could say that the Africans (et al) enslaved by the United States were the people most directly involved with the generation on the idea of abolishing slave... read more -
Do you believe that slavery was the only reason for the War between the states? 2 AnswersThere was another thing, which slavery was the underscoring issue to highlight and bring to a head, and that was: Who has final say, the State legislature(s), ... read more -
Is an apology enough? 2 AnswersI don't think that a resignation is in order, in fact, I don't think this comment is even particularly racist. I think there is an element of truth in his state... read more
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