• The Iraq War, sometimes called the Second Gulf War, began in 2003 with the United States-led invasion of Iraq and overthrow of the Ba'athist regime led by Saddam Hussein. The war touched off an ongoing insurgency, now frequently referred to as a civil war between Iraq's Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims.

  On June 30, 2009, Iraq declared National Sovereignty Day and planned celebrations as U.S. combat troops began withdrawing from the country. All U.S. combat operations are set to end by September of 2010 and all troops are expected to have left Iraq by the end of 2011.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8125547.stm

• Fast Facts

  1. Start: March 19, 2003
  2. Sometimes called Second Gulf War
  3. The government of Iraq collapsed soon after the invasion of Iraq
  4. Former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was captured in December 14, 2003
  5. Hussein was executed on December 30, 2006 by the new Iraqi government after found guilty of crimes against humanity
  6. More than 31,000 US soldiers wounded as of February 2009Fox News: Obama to Announce Iraq Withdrawals to be Completed in 19 Months (February 24, 2009)
  7. More than 4,200 US soldiers dead as of February 2009Los Angeles Times: Fighting in Iraq kills 3 U.S. troops, interpreter (February 24, 2009)
  8. 142,000 U.S. troops were in Iraq as of February 2009Fox News: Obama to Announce Iraq Withdrawals to be Completed in 19 Months (February 24, 2009)
  9. Cost: More than $650 billion (February 2009)Fox News: Obama to Announce Iraq Withdrawals to be Completed in 19 Months (February 24, 2009)
  10. On January 1, 2009, the Green Zone, a 4-square mile area occupied by U.S. coalition forces, was handed over to the control of IraqFox News: Obama to Announce Iraq Withdrawals to be Completed in 19 Months (February 24, 2009)

• Timeline

  1. March 19, 2003: War beginsBBC News: Timeline - Iraq after Saddam
  2. May 1, 2003: President George W. Bush declares "Mission Accomplished"
  3. December 13, 2003: Saddam Hussein is capturedBBC News: Timeline - Iraq after Saddam
  4. June 6, 2006: Al-Qaeda leader and key resistance figure Abu Musab al-Zarqaui, is killedBBC News: Timeline - Iraq after Saddam
  5. December 31, 2006: Saddam Hussein hangedBBC News: Timeline - Iraq after Saddam
  6. January 2007: President George W. Bush announced plans for a 20,000 soldier troop surgeBBC News: Timeline - Iraq after Saddam
  7. January 1, 2009: U.S. officially gives Iraq control of Green ZoneLos Angeles Times: Iraqi Troops Take Control of Green Zone (January 1, 2009)
  8. January 5, 2009: US opens new embassy in Iraq, in hopes of normalizing relationsReuters: US opens new Iraq embassy, moves to normalise ties (January 5, 2009)

• Causes

  A few months after the Al Qaeda attacks of September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush gave a landmark State of the Union address introducing the so-called "Bush Doctrine" of pre-emptive war, and referring to an "Axis of Evil" of countries presenting an immediate threat to the United States. These countries were Iraq, Iran and North Korea.

  The Bush Administration's justification for the actual invasion of Iraq concerned the threat of Hussein-controlled "Weapons of Mass Destruction" which could be given or sold to terrorist groups wishing to use them against the United States.

  Other justifications included turning Iraq into a friendly ally from which other Middle Eastern invasions could be mounted to freeing the Iraqi people from the oppressive of the Ba'athist regime. Some have even suggested that the mission was personal for President George W. Bush, who wanted to finish the job his father, George H. W. Bush, had started during the First Gulf War in 1991.

• 2003 Invasion

  Operation Iraqi Freedom kicked off early on the morning of March 19, 2003, led by U.S. General Tommy Franks and including other members of a multi-national force. Baghdad fell soon after, on April 9, and the entire invasion was over by April 30.

• Insurgency

  Immediately after the invasion, a Coalition Provisional Authority was established in Baghdad, housed within a safe area known as the "Green Zone" and with Paul Bremer placed in charge. Outside the Green Zone, chaos and civil disorder raged, including the looting of several historical buildings and museums throughout Baghdad.

  Despite an appearance by President Bush on the aircraft carrier USS Lincoln on May 1, 2003, effectively announcing the end of combat operations in Iraq, violence throughout Iraq and attacks on U.S. troops continued unabated. On July 2, 2003, when asked about attacks on soldiers and the continuation of the insurgency, Bush controversially responded: "Bring it on."

  It had been hoped that the capture and arrest of Saddam Hussein, found in a hole in the ground on a farm near Tikrit on December 13, 2003, would help to bring the violence to a close, but in fact the situation grew more dire, particularly in the city of Fallujah and an area of Baghdad known as "Sadr City" named after the father of popular, radical cleric Muqtada al-Sadr.http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2008-04-09-sadr_N.htm All eyes on al-Sadr as Iraq violence swells]

• Prisoner Abuse Scandal

  In April of 2004, photos taken at the Abu Ghraib Prison showing Iraqi detainees being tormented and abused by guards, were shown by 60 Minutes and in the New Yorker Magazine.

• Civil War and Troop Surge

  The current Iraqi government, led by President Nouri al-Maliki, was elected in December of 2005 and took office on May 20, 2006. Around this time, a controversial study estimated that the war had thus far taken the lives of 601,000 Iraqis. The insurgency, by many accounts, had morphed into a full-on civil war between Iraq's Sunni and Shiite communities, with U.S. forces trapped in the middle. Calls in the United States for the end of an American presence in Iraq increased.

  This led the Bush administration to pursue a new strategy in Iraq known as "The Surge", increasing the number of soldiers on the ground in an attempt to finally secure the city of Baghdad and allow for some level of stability in Iraqi life and government. The Surge was led by the head of the multinational Iraq force, General David Petraeus. It succeeded in cutting down on the level of violence, particularly in Baghdad, but the long-term effects of the strategy are not entirely clear, and it did not help to bring about a significant political or diplomatic change in the Iraqi government.

• January 2009 Suicide Bomber

  On Friday, January 2, 2009, a suicide bomber detonated explosives at a public gathering in Iraq, killing at least 23. The bombing occurred in the town of Yusifya, 12 miles south of Baghdad. The gathering was held at a hall, and was a reconciliation lunch held by a tribal sheik. The bomber was allegedly a relative of the sheik, which allowed him ease of entry to the hall, where he detonated the explosives strapped around his waist.washingpost.com: Suicide Bomber Shatters Relative Calm in Iraq (January 2, 2009)

• The Withdrawal

  The formal beginnings of an eventual step down and troop withdrawal began January 1, 2009, when the United States handed over control of the Green Zone to the Iraqi government. Also, on January 5, The US officially moved its base of operations from former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein's old palace to a new embassy in order to help normalize relations between the two countries.Reuters: US opens new Iraq embassy, moves to normalise ties (January 5, 2009)Los Angeles Times: Iraqi Troops Take Control of Green Zone (January 1, 2009)

  On February 27, 2009, President Obama outlined the withdrawal schedule of U.S. forces in Iraq. The President intends to withdraw most combat troops by the end of August 2010, removing all U.S. forces by year end 2011. The remaining 35,000-50,000 troops, after the first wave of withdrawal, will take advisory roles in Iraq. The plan is being supported by John McCain, who stated that he's "cautiously optimistic" that the plan will succeed. Speaker Pelosi voiced concern that the number of troops in Iraq after the first withdrawal is too high.CNN.com: Obama: U.S. to withdraw most... (February 27, 2009)

• Related Mahalo Pages

  Veterans | Iraq Security Pact | US Embassy in Iraq | Iraq Withdrawal Timetable | Max Baucus | Zalmay Khalilzad | Amnesty International | George W. Bush | Dick Cheney | Muqtada al-Sadr | Donald Rumsfeld | Saddam Hussein | Afghanistan War | al Qaeda | Sunni Islam | Shia Islam | September 11th | American Prisoner Abuse Controversy | Abu Ghraib Prison | Guantanamo Bay | Walter Reed Army Medical Center | Ahmad Chalabi | Mahdi Army | War on Terror | Neoconservatives | Halliburton | Iraq Sunni Insurgents | PKK | Kurdish Separatism | Iraqi Awakening Council | Suhaila Ali | Iraqi Bomb Blast | Samira Ahmed Jassim | The Prisoner | White Rose Coalition | Centcom | Iraq War Five Year Anniversary | U.S. National Guard | Baghdad High | Secret Killing Program Iraq | Saddam Hussein Luxury Yacht | Colby Buzzell | Rusafa Prison | Christmas in Iraq | Kirkuk Restaurant Bombing | Muntazer al Zaidi | Camp Anaconda | ANSWER Coalition | Hardan al Jaburi | Hadil Emad | Army John Doe Letters | Terrorism Calendar | Army Suicides | Michael Leahy | John Hatley | Camp Liberty

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