Fermentation

  • Fermentation is classically defined as the microbiological conversion, in the absence of oxygen, of sugars to alcohol or lactic acid. By the enzymatic conversion of sugars or alcohol, the microorganisms gain biochemical energy (ATP). Fermentation is used in many commercial food processes, including the making of sauerkraut, yogurt, wines and beers. Louis Pasteur is the first scientist to adequately explain the process of fermentation in 1856. Some industrial processes are called fermentation which are aerobic (conducted in the presence of oxygen) and would be more correctly be termed oxidative processes. http://www.angelfire.com/al/aloysius/fermentation.html
  • Early History of Fermentation

    Fruits, grains, milk, and other organic substances naturally undergo fermentation during spoilage, a phenomenon which cavemen no doubt observed. Development of alcoholic drinks probably came into being not long after the development of agriculture.

    In Mesopotamia, 4000-2600 BCE, wines and beers were known to be produced. Wine production was regulated by government officials and jars were officially sealed. In Mesopotamia, beers were frequently made and sold by women. The Code of Hammurami, believed to have been developed in 1780 BCE by the King Hammurabi included regulations of the sale price of beer and its minimum alcohol content. There were also warnings prohibiting talk of sedition in the taverns of the brewer-women. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/hamcode.html

  • Industrial Fermentation Processes

    There are two main types of industrial fermentation processes, batch fermentations and continuous fermentations. In batch fermentations, sterile growth medium is inoculated with the microorganisms and no additional growth medium is added. In continous fermentations, growth medium is added to the fermenting medium to sustain the fermentation process. f cellular enzymic reactions instead of chemical reactions aided by inanimate catalysts, sometimes operating at elevated temperature and pressure.
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