In 1884 lewis waterman patented the first Practical fountain pen, Writhing instruments designed to carry their own supply of ink had existed in principle for over one hunderd years before Watermans patent. For example, the oldest known fountain pen that has survived today was designed by a Frenchmen named M. Bion and dated 1702. Peregrin Williamson, a Baltimore shoemake, received the first american patent for a pen in 1809, John Scheffer recieved british patent in 1819 for his half quill, half metal pen that he attempted to mass manufacture. John Jacob Parker patented the first self-filling fountain pen in 1831. However, early founain pen models were plagued by ink spills and other failures that left them impractical and hard to sell.
The fountain pens design came after a thousand years of using quill-pens. Early inventors observed the apparent natural ink reserve found in the channel of the birds feather and tried to produce a smilar effect with a man made pen that would hold more ink and not require constant dipping into the ink well. However, a feather is not a pen, only a natural object modified to suit mans needs. Lewis Waterman, an insurance salesman, was inspired to improve the early fountain pen desigs after destroying a valuabl sales contract weith leaky-pen ink. Lewis Watermans idea was to add an air hole in the niv and three grooves inside the feed mechanism.
All pens contain an ink reservoir for ink. The different ways that reservoirs filled proved to be one of the most competitive areas in the pen industry. The earliest 19th century pens used an eyedropper; by 1915, most pens had switched to having a self-filling soft and flexible rubber sac asd an ink reservoir. To refill theses pens, the reservoirs were squeezed flat by an internal plate, then the pens nib was inserted into the bottle of ink and thepressure on the internal plate was released so that the ink sac would fill up drawing in a fresh supply of ink.
Several different patents issued for self-filling pens, the Button filler, The Lever Filler, Click Filler, Matchstick Filler, and Coin Filler.

The ink CARTRIDGE as we know it was introduced around 1950 was disposable, per-filled plastic or glass cartridges designed for clean and easy insertion. They were an immediate success. The introduction of the ballpoints, however, overshadowed the invention of the cartridge and dried up business for the fountain industry.

In 1926, a Waterman ink pens rep by the name of Jules Fagard established a quasi-indeink pendent French subsidiary called JiF-Waterman ink pens ; ten years later,
JiF-Waterman ink pens would invent the first practical disposable ink cartridge (originally a glass capsule). JiF-Waterman ink pens entered the post-World-War-II era in pretty good shape, thanks to astute management by Fagard and his widow Elsa; when the parent company finally gave up the ghost, the French subsidiary carried on the name with further distinguished products such as the Gentleman and Le Man (the latter being a sort of tribute to the old Waterman ink pens flat-tops of the 1910s). The company refuses to be trumped in the style department; currently, they offer the large and glamorous Edson and the exotic Serenité at the top of their full line, with the popular and reliable Phileas at the lower end of the price scale. Modern Waterman ink pens ink pens are known for fashionable design and excellent metal- and lacquer-work.

JiF-Waterman ink pens doesn't seem to have been the first company to use ink cartridges. Jonathan Steinberg's Fountain Pens mentions the very early Eagle ink pen that used a refillable glass vial (although the idea here was probably not to dispose of the vial when it was empty). Some other manufacturers, like Camel (in the U.S.) and Aurora (in Italy) made ink pens that could be filled with dry ink pellets to which you added simple tap water; this at least meant that you didn't have to carry liquid ink around with you.

During the 1990s, Waterman ink pens came back under American ownership, first by the toiletries giant Gillette (which also purchased Waterman ink pens perennial rival Parker ink pen), and later by the Sanford conglomerate. Well-established in the fine-ink pen market (particularly in Europe), Waterman ink pens shows no signs of slowing down.

It seems the first glass cartridge pen was made by Eagle, in 1936 there was also a glass one made by Jiff Waterman, and in 1954 a cartridge filler pen by Waterman. Parker Jotter, the first ballpoint by parker. The series by Soennecken

Montblanc

The first patent on a ballpoint pen was issued on October 30, 1888, to John J Loud. In 1938, László Bíró, a Hungarian newspaper editor, with the help of his brother George, a chemist, began to work on designing new types of pens including one with a tiny ball in its tip that was free to turn in a socket. As the pen moved along the paper, the ball rotated, picking up ink from the ink cartridge and leaving it on the paper. Bíró filed a British patent on June 15, 1938. In 1940 the Bíró brothers and a friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, moved to Argentina fleeing Nazi Germany and on June 10, filed another patent, and formed Bíró Pens of Argentina. By the summer of 1943 the first commercial models were available. Erasable ballpoint pens were introduced by Papermate in 1979 when the Erasermate was put on the market

It would appear to be the Eagle Pencil Company from New York, which filed a patent for their design in 1890.

From Wikipedia: "The Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru received a French patent for the invention of the first fountain pen with a replacable ink cartridge on May 25, 1827."

The Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru received a French patent for the invention of the first fountain pen with a replacable ink cartridge on May 25, 1827