The University of California, Davis, is renowned for their cancer research on animals, including dogs. I've had several discussions with their researchers, known dogs that have been treated there, and considered treating our own dogs there occasionally.
Per their website, the UC Davis Cancer Center's research program is a collaboration of more than 200 investigators, including 19 veterinary oncologists and basic scientists. Clinical evaluations of anti-cancer drugs, surgeries, cancer genetics, and blood tests are performed. The first site below is a pretty wonderful story of their work saving/using an adopted Golden Retriever as a patient. I encourage you to visit the references below, as the school does a great job of explaining the myriad programs.
The second site describes the U.C. Davis anti-cancer work that was spotlighted on an episode of "Quest" last year, including how researchers are training dogs to use their sense of smell to detect cancer. While the dogs are the "doctors" in this instance, the cancer research at Davis is well represented. I wasn't able to embed the video, but that's site reference #3 below.

Since the 1960s, Colorado State University's College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences has conducted innovative cancer research and provided state-of-the-art treatment for companion animals. The program has evolved from research that identified the types of cancers affecting pets, to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer in animals. Over the years, pioneering work done by the researchers and staff of the Animal Cancer Center at Colorado State University has led to advances in the treatment of human cancers.