What are the Limitations of 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
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Limitations of 1st Law Of Thermodynamics
1) As it says energy can be converted from one form to another, it don't states how and how much energy is converted.
2) Suppose electrical energy is converted into heat by means of heater, and if same amount of heat is given to heater, it will not generate that amount of electricity. That is low is unidirectional.
3) The Law don't consider losses in conversion.
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M$2. Does not specify the feasibility of the reaction: first law does not specify that process is feasible or not for example: when a rod is heated at one end then equilibrium has to be obtained which is possible only by some expenditure of energy.
3. Practically it is not possible to convert the heat energy into an equivalent amount of work.
To overcome this limitations, another law is needed which is known as second law ofthermodynamics.
The second law of thermodynamics helps us to predict whether the reaction is feasible or not and also tell the direction of the flow of heat.
It also tells that energy cannot be completely converted into equivalent work.
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M$1st Law states that the energy remains conserved but it doesn’t indicate 1. The direction of heat transfer. 2. The conditions under which heat can be converted into work. 3. It doesn’t tell why the whole of heat energy cannot be converted into mechanical work. 4. There are many irreversible process occur in nature. 1st law cannot explain the lack of reversibility ex: heat flows naturally from a hot body to cold body but heat will never of itself flow from a cold body to a hot body.
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1. The direction of heat transfer.
2. The conditions under which heat can be converted into work.
3. It doesn’t tell why the whole of heat energy cannot be converted into mechanical work.
4. There are many irreversible process occur in nature. 1st law cannot explain the lack of reversibility ex: heat flows naturally from a hot body to cold body but heat will never of itself flow from a cold body to a hot body.
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M$The first law is pretty solid - it is the first law, after all. But even it is "wrong" - we all know that nuclear fission and fusion reactions can transform matter into energy, effectively creating energy in a closed system!
Just from my experience learning and teaching thermodynamics and other unmentionable subjects in university.
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Wouldn't you agree that if you take E=mc^2 into account, and count the energy of gamma rays released, and of nuclear binding energy, the energy in the system is preserved even in fission and fusion reactions? Of course once you stray into quantum mechanics you can have energy non-conservation, but only for very very short times (order of h-bar divided by delta-E, as in the ratio of Planck's constant and the magnitude of the created/destroyed energy).
E=mc^2 is the conversion factor that tells you the maximum amount of energy you can get from a particular amount of matter - the ratio is the square of the speed of light, which is pretty amazing if you think about it!
You can think of this equation as Einstein "proving" that the 1st law of thermodynamics is wrong, since the 1st law says that the only way energy in a closed system can increase is if it is brought in from outside the system, and Einstein says "Wait - I know another way: you can get it from inside the system by changing the matter in the system to energy!".
