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Was the names of the directions (north, south, east and west) arbitrary?
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No, the four words all have origins relating to the Sun, especially sunrise and sunset.
"North" is an ancient and basic word thought to have originally meant "left" because it is to the left of the rising sun:
"O.E. norð, from P.Gmc. *nurtha- (cf. O.N. norðr, O.Fris. north, M.Du. nort, Du. noord, Ger. nord), possibly ult. from PIE *ner- "left," also "below," as north is to the left when one faces the rising sun (cf. Skt. narakah "hell," Gk. enerthen "from beneath," Oscan-Umbrian nertrak "left"). "
South is a more recent word apparently related to "Sun" as lands to the south are sunnier (if you live in Britain or Northwest Europe).
"O.E. suð "southward, in the south," from P.Gmc. *sunthaz (cf. O.S., O.Fris. suth "southward, in the south," M.Du. suut), perhaps related to base of *sunnon "sun," with sense of "the region of the sun.""
East derives from words meaning "dawn" and "shine" as the Sun rises in the East.
"O.E. east, from P.Gmc. *aus-to-, *austra- "east, toward the sunrise" (cf. Du. oost, Ger. Ost, O.N. austr "from the east"), from PIE *aus- "dawn" (cf. Skt. ushas "dawn," Gk. aurion "morning," O.Ir. usah, Lith. auszra "dawn," L. aurora "dawn," auster "south"), lit. "to shine." The east is the direction in which dawn breaks."
West traces back all the way to the Sanscrit word for "downward", as the Sun sets in the West.
"O.E. west "in or toward the west," from P.Gmc. *wes-t- (cf. O.N. vestr, O.Fris., M.Du., Du. west, O.H.G. -west, only in compounds, Ger. west), from PIE *wes- (source of Gk. hesperos, L. vesper "evening, west"), perhaps an enlarged form of base *we- "to go down" (cf. Skt. avah "downward"), and thus lit. "direction in which the sun sets." "
"North" is an ancient and basic word thought to have originally meant "left" because it is to the left of the rising sun:
"O.E. norð, from P.Gmc. *nurtha- (cf. O.N. norðr, O.Fris. north, M.Du. nort, Du. noord, Ger. nord), possibly ult. from PIE *ner- "left," also "below," as north is to the left when one faces the rising sun (cf. Skt. narakah "hell," Gk. enerthen "from beneath," Oscan-Umbrian nertrak "left"). "
South is a more recent word apparently related to "Sun" as lands to the south are sunnier (if you live in Britain or Northwest Europe).
"O.E. suð "southward, in the south," from P.Gmc. *sunthaz (cf. O.S., O.Fris. suth "southward, in the south," M.Du. suut), perhaps related to base of *sunnon "sun," with sense of "the region of the sun.""
East derives from words meaning "dawn" and "shine" as the Sun rises in the East.
"O.E. east, from P.Gmc. *aus-to-, *austra- "east, toward the sunrise" (cf. Du. oost, Ger. Ost, O.N. austr "from the east"), from PIE *aus- "dawn" (cf. Skt. ushas "dawn," Gk. aurion "morning," O.Ir. usah, Lith. auszra "dawn," L. aurora "dawn," auster "south"), lit. "to shine." The east is the direction in which dawn breaks."
West traces back all the way to the Sanscrit word for "downward", as the Sun sets in the West.
"O.E. west "in or toward the west," from P.Gmc. *wes-t- (cf. O.N. vestr, O.Fris., M.Du., Du. west, O.H.G. -west, only in compounds, Ger. west), from PIE *wes- (source of Gk. hesperos, L. vesper "evening, west"), perhaps an enlarged form of base *we- "to go down" (cf. Skt. avah "downward"), and thus lit. "direction in which the sun sets." "
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