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M$1 May 04, 2009 02:45 PM

Why haven't viruses and bacteria developed a resistance to soap and water?

Viruses and bacteria fairly quickly develop resistance to drugs for all kinds of diseases from flu to malaria. That's one reason why we try to use the drugs as sparingly as possible rather than hand them out all over the place.

Yet if the health advice being given out is correct, including that about swine flu, washing our hands with soap and water still kills them. We've been washing with soap for a long time, so why haven't they evolved resistance to it yet?

Especially considering that microbes have developed that can live in just about any extreme environment you can name, so soap and water should not be that formidable of a challenge, you'd think:

http://www.theguardians.com/Microbiology/gm_mbm04.htm
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May 04, 2009 03:35 PM
I am not a doctor, handwashing with soap works by lifting and removing dirt and oils (with the germs). The water washes it away. So the the germs are physically removed from your body. The act of rubbing your hands together (friction) removes additional germs. It is unlikely that viruses and germs will develop resistance to this as it is a physical action of removal. However, the use of antibacterial soaps may in fact increase bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Antibacterial soap is no more effective than regular soap, check out the last link below for more information regarding a scientific study on this topic from 2007. I have included some additional links below for your information.

http://www.health.state.mn.us/handhygiene/wash/howsoap.html
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hand-washing/HQ00407
http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=5990
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May 04, 2009 03:46 PM
So would you say that government messages like this that suggest washing with soap actually kills viruses are inaccurate?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsbO-YmE4qY

"They should bin tissues as soon as possible, because germs can live for several hours, and wash their hands as soon as possible, to kill any bugs."

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/sussex/7804709.stm

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May 04, 2009 04:29 PM
I suppose, but the process described it an effective way of ridding your hands of any virus. I think that the PSA would have been significantly less effective for the lay person if it started to get into the science of what happens when you wash your hands.

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May 04, 2009 04:48 PM
Intriguing. The Mayo Clinic link says:

"Antibacterial soaps have become increasingly popular in recent years. However, these soaps are no more effective at killing germs than is regular soap."

This does imply that regular soaps are somewhat effective at killing germs. Or possibly (in a very bad wording!) that neither soaps nor antibacterial soaps are at all effective in actually killing them.

Handwashing is more interesting than I thought. :)

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May 04, 2009 05:22 PM
Nah. Handwashing is effective. It is just that antibacterial soaps are not MORE effective than regular soap. They remove the same amount of bacteria. Check out the article in the link below. They have done scientific studies to prove this. The antibacterial agent in commercial soaps may in fact lead to antibacterial resistance. Regular soap works just fine.

http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=5990

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May 04, 2009 06:18 PM
I didn't say "effective" I said "effective at killing", quoting the Mayo site.

I already read all the links you gave, no need to reference it again.

The question is whether all the people like Mayo and the UK govt that mention something about soap *killing* viruses are just being sloppy, or is there anything to it at all.

So far it looks like they're being sloppy. But when you find generally credible sources saying different things, just citing one doesn't clinch it 100%.

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May 04, 2009 07:17 PM
OK, I misunderstood what you were saying. However, basically while soap and water may not kill the bacteria or the viruses, it more effectively removes them. It works better than pretty much anything else in getting it off of you, even though alcohol based disinfectant can be virucidal and antibacterial. I have included two citations and abstracts below.

Virucidal activity of a new hand disinfectant with reduced ethanol content: comparison with other alcohol-based formulations.
Kramer A. Galabov AS. Sattar SA. Dohner L. Pivert A. Payan C. Wolff MH. Yilmaz A. Steinmann J.
Journal of Hospital Infection. 62(1):98-106, 2006 Jan.
Article
UI: 16307826

AB A new formula with reduced ethanol content (55%) in combination with 10% propan-1-ol, 5.9% propan-1.2-diol, 5.7% butan-1.3-diol and 0.7% phosphoric acid exhibited a broad spectrum of virucidal activity. In quantitative suspension tests, with and without protein load, this formulation reduced the infectivity titre of seven enveloped (influenza A and B, herpes simplex 1 and 2, bovine corona, respiratory syncytial, vaccinia, hepatitis B, bovine viral diarrhoea) and four non-enveloped (hepatitis A, polio, rota, feline calici) viruses >10(3)-fold within 30s. In comparative testing, only 95% ethanol showed similar levels of activity. In fingerpad tests, the formulation produced a log10 reduction factor of the titre of poliovirus type 1 (Sabin) of 3.04 in 30s compared with 1.32 by 60% propan-2-ol. Testing against feline calicivirus produced a log10 reduction factor of 2.38 by the test formulation; in contrast, the log10 reduction factors with 70% ethanol and 70% propan-1-ol were 0.68 and 0.70, respectively.

Efficacy of soap and water and alcohol-based hand-rub preparations against live H1N1 influenza virus on the hands of human volunteers.
Grayson ML. Melvani S. Druce J. Barr IG. Ballard SA. Johnson PD. Mastorakos T. Birch C.
Clinical Infectious Diseases. 48(3):285-91, 2009 Feb 1.
Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
UI: 19115974

AB BACKGROUND: Although pandemic and avian influenza are known to be transmitted via human hands, there are minimal data regarding the effectiveness of routine hand hygiene (HH) protocols against pandemic and avian influenza. METHODS: Twenty vaccinated, antibody-positive health care workers had their hands contaminated with 1 mL of 10(7) tissue culture infectious dose (TCID)(50)/0.1 mL live human influenza A virus (H1N1; A/New Caledonia/20/99) before undertaking 1 of 5 HH protocols (no HH control, soap and water hand washing SW, or use of 1 of 3 alcohol-based hand rubs ethanol gel, 70% ethanol plus 0.5% chlorhexidine solution, or 70% isopropanol plus 0.5% chlorhexidine solution). H1N1 concentrations were assessed before and after each intervention by viral culture and real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The natural viability of H1N1 on hands for >60 min without HH was also assessed. RESULTS: There was an immediate reduction in culture-detectable and PCR-detectable H1N1 after brief cutaneous air drying--14 of 20 health care workers had H1N1 detected by means of culture (mean reduction, 10(3-4) TCID(50)/0.1 mL), whereas 6 of 20 had no viable H1N1 recovered; all 20 health care workers had similar changes in PCR test results. Marked antiviral efficacy was noted for all 4 HH protocols, on the basis of culture results (14 of 14 had no culturable H1N1; (P< .002) and PCR results (P< .001; cycle threshold value range, 33.3-39.4), with SW statistically superior (P< .001) to all 3 alcohol-based hand rubs, although the actual difference was only 1-100 virus copies/microL. There was minimal reduction in H1N1 after 60 min without HH. CONCLUSIONS: HH with SW or alcohol-based hand rub is highly effective in reducing influenza A virus on human hands, although SW is the most effective intervention. Appropriate HH may be an important public health initiative to reduce pandemic and avian influenza transmission.

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May 07, 2009 04:10 PM
Thanks for these, good highly relevant info from great sources.

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May 04, 2009 03:34 PM
I think because soap uses not just chemical action, but physical action with the lipidic properties(lard), by smothering the pathogens, etc. Must be synergy.
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May 04, 2009 03:58 PM
If there is anything to this answer, you'll have to explain it a lot better.

At the moment, I'd say it is scientific sounding gibberish.

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May 04, 2009 05:09 PM
The UK Government video that you embedded above is definitively misleading IF one is to take it literary, i.e. that just washing your hands actually kills flue virus, or any virus/ bacteria for that matter.

I mean, if water and soap kill germs, then there would be virtually no need to clean public bathrooms, for example.

It also implies that a piece of soap is practically sterile, i.e. clean of germs, something I never heard of before. I may be wrong, though...

I don't know what exactly to make of the video message, but my common sense tells me: NO, washing your hands with soap and water does not kill bacteria and viruses

It does help to reduce one's chances of contracting a disease. By washing hands, one removes dirt and fat, and so on, and with it, some of viruses and bacteria, too, as Hcp56 and Pensivefox already pointed out.
Source(s):
common sense and general knowledge


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May 04, 2009 05:21 PM
Why haven't viruses or bacteria adapted to resist fire too? Just saying, both heat and soap have been known to be inhabitable for bacteria. It might be because soap dissolves dirt and oils, not really killing the bacteria technically, but removing it from your body.

That's my answer, and I'm sticking to it.

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May 05, 2009 02:03 AM
Given that viruses and bacteria have their reproduction significantly reduced by soap and hand washing, it is inevitable that they will indeed become resistant to this course of action eventually if other evolutionary pressures do not push them towards less resistance. If hand washing with soap becomes standard and frequent world wide to an extent that the current diseases it reduces are indeed reduced then any variety of disease which can resist or avoid being reduced will become prevalent.

However, resistance to handwashing, like all evolution, has to consist of mutations that are favorably selected. What sort of mutations would those be? It's not as simple as being resistant to some particular chemical or poison. That would only take a small change in internal chemistry. From a germ's point of view, resistance to hand washing is like a large mammal's resistance to mountain avalanches. Being bigger or stronger or chemically different just won't help.

A disease becoming resistant to hand washing would have to spread without needing to come in contact with the hands for any length of time. Cold viruses already do this by being carried in the air when you cough. Other viruses spread through blood or saliva. The effect of everyone washing their hands frequently worldwide would be that only diseases which spread by means such as this would survive. Other things being equal.

However, other things are not equal. Most viruses also infect various animals. In the currently notorious case of flu those include swine and birds. Well, swine and birds are not going to start washing their hands so that sort of contact with the skin may well remain a good strategy for the virus. There could be selective pressure towards continuing to spread in a manner than hand washing blocks if it is successful in animals.

I don't think this sort of thing will lend itself to researching and working out in detail. Doctors and scientists will continue to recommend hand washing as long as it does any good, and that might be forever.
Source(s):
As you can guess, I am not a medical professional; but, rather my background includes evolutionary biology which gives a different perspective.


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May 07, 2009 04:03 PM
Interesting thoughts on why some kinds of things are hard to evolve resistance to. It seems from other answers that hand washing doesn't kill bacteria at all , just removes the gunk in which they may be located.

But alcohol based sanitisers to kill them, so the question could be asked about them as well - why no evolved resistance?

Then we might be able to come up with some kind of answer of the type you suggest here, about the degree of shift needed to become resistant.

All of which makes me wonder if it wouldn't be possible to design drugs that are very hard to develop resistance for.

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