To quote Billy Vera...

"Rock 'n' roll was an evolutionary process – we just looked around and it was here... To name any one record as the first would make any of us look a fool."

Billy Vera, Foreword to "What Was the First Rock'n'Roll Record", Jim Dawson and Steve Propes, 1992.

Several songs have been quoted to be the first true Rock and Roll song:

"Good Rockin' Tonight" by Wynonie Harris
(recorded on December 28, 1947)

"Rock The Joint"
Either the original 1949 version by Jimmy Preston, or the 1952 version by Bill Haley

"Rocket 88"
Again, either Jackie Brenston's original, recorded on March 5, 1951 with Ike Turner and the Kings of Rhythm or Bill Haley's cover, later in 1951.

Bill Haley's "Rock Around The Clock" (recorded on April 12, 1954) a cover of Sonny Dae & His Knights's 1953 song.

Elvis Presley's "That's All Right (Mama)" (recorded in July 1954), a cover of Arthur Crudup's 1946 song.

Wikipedia goes far more in depth than this, but I think it's the short answer.
Source(s):
Check out Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_rock_and_roll_song

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