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The Federal Reserve Act
1. According to the senate journal how many members of the senate were present on December the 23rd, 1913?
2. What was the outcome of the vote?
3. How many dissenting votes were there?
4. Was the vote a voice vote?
2. What was the outcome of the vote?
3. How many dissenting votes were there?
4. Was the vote a voice vote?
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answers (3)
NOTE: Fixed factual error...
"Wilson signs currency bill," New York Times, pp. 1-2, Dec. 24, 1913.
"The House passed the bill 298-60 on the evening of Dec. 22, 1913.3 The Senate began debate the following day at 10am, and passed it 43-25 at 2:30pm."
House: Bill passed the house on September 18th by a vote of 282-85 with only 3 democrats voting against it.
Senate: The Senate passed the Federal Reserve bill, 54-34 on December 19th with full Democratic support.
The conference committee agreed and on December 23rd the two houses ratified and the President signed the measure.
Here's the act:
http://www.historycentral.com/documents/Federalreserve.html
Here are the major players:
http://www.geocities.com/pthomas.geo/federal.html
"Senator Robert L. Owen- Chairman of Senate Committee on Banking and Currency. (Full committee is listed in Document 13.) Philosophical ally of William Jennings Bryan. Sided with Bryan and other progressive thinkers during the inter-party debates, but supported the final bill and helped to guide it through the Senate.
Representative Carter Glass - Important figure in the development and passage of the bill in the House. Longtime friend and economic advisor to Wilson. He was the author of some of the more important finance bills in the 20th Century.
President Woodrow Wilson - Two term President of the USA. Known primarily for his leadership in WWI and the resulting treaty of Versailles. However, he passed a series of progressive programs in the first two years in office that many had thought politically improbable. One of these long-shots was the Federal Reserve Act. Wilson chose to introduce the act in 1913 (first year of his administration) although major tariff legislation was also pending.
Secretary William McAdoo - A New York City lawyer and businessman who had managed Wilson's 1912 presidential campaign. He also served President Woodrow Wilson as secretary of the treasury from 1913 to 1918. He was instrumental in marking the moderate path on the democratic side between Glass and Bryan.
Secretary William Jennings Bryan- A U.S. congressman, three-time Democratic presidential nominee, and secretary of state under Wilson. He carried great weight with the progressive wing who opposed any banking control over the Federal Reserve."
The conference committee agreed and on December 23rd the two houses ratified and the President signed the measure.
http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/one_item_and_teasers/partydiv.htm
" 63rd Congress (1913-1915)
Majority Party: Democrat (51 seats)
Minority Party: Republican (44 seats)
Other Parties: 1 Progressive
Total Seats: 96"
http://www.bos.frb.org/about/pubs/begin.pdf
"partisan division was evident, but it was even sharper in the Senate; all Democrats supported the measure while all but six Republicans opposed it."
http://judiciary.senate.gov/about/PreviousCommitteeMembership.cfm#70-61
Democratic Members
Chairman Charles A. Culberson, Texas
Lee S. Overman, North Carolina
William E. Chilton, West Virginia
James O'Gorman, New York
Duncan U. Fletcher, Florida
James A Reed, Missouri
Henry F. Ashurst, Arizona
John K. Shields, Tennessee
Thomas J. Walsh, Montana
Hoke Smith, Georgia Republican Members
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming
Knute Nelson, Minnesota
William P. Dillingham, Vermont
George Sutherland, Utah
Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut
William E. Borah, Idaho
Albert B. Cummins, Iowa
Elihu Root, New York
This one lists a bit of the vote...but geocities...so reliability might come into question:
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/3616/flaherty2.html
"Nevertheless, the myth has no basis in fact. The House passed the bill 298-60 on the evening of Dec. 22, 1913.3 The Senate began debate the following day at 10am, and passed it 43-25 at 2:30pm.4"
"Wilson signs currency bill," New York Times, pp. 1-2, Dec. 24, 1913.
"The House passed the bill 298-60 on the evening of Dec. 22, 1913.3 The Senate began debate the following day at 10am, and passed it 43-25 at 2:30pm."
House: Bill passed the house on September 18th by a vote of 282-85 with only 3 democrats voting against it.
Senate: The Senate passed the Federal Reserve bill, 54-34 on December 19th with full Democratic support.
The conference committee agreed and on December 23rd the two houses ratified and the President signed the measure.
Here's the act:
http://www.historycentral.com/documents/Federalreserve.html
Here are the major players:
http://www.geocities.com/pthomas.geo/federal.html
"Senator Robert L. Owen- Chairman of Senate Committee on Banking and Currency. (Full committee is listed in Document 13.) Philosophical ally of William Jennings Bryan. Sided with Bryan and other progressive thinkers during the inter-party debates, but supported the final bill and helped to guide it through the Senate.
Representative Carter Glass - Important figure in the development and passage of the bill in the House. Longtime friend and economic advisor to Wilson. He was the author of some of the more important finance bills in the 20th Century.
President Woodrow Wilson - Two term President of the USA. Known primarily for his leadership in WWI and the resulting treaty of Versailles. However, he passed a series of progressive programs in the first two years in office that many had thought politically improbable. One of these long-shots was the Federal Reserve Act. Wilson chose to introduce the act in 1913 (first year of his administration) although major tariff legislation was also pending.
Secretary William McAdoo - A New York City lawyer and businessman who had managed Wilson's 1912 presidential campaign. He also served President Woodrow Wilson as secretary of the treasury from 1913 to 1918. He was instrumental in marking the moderate path on the democratic side between Glass and Bryan.
Secretary William Jennings Bryan- A U.S. congressman, three-time Democratic presidential nominee, and secretary of state under Wilson. He carried great weight with the progressive wing who opposed any banking control over the Federal Reserve."
The conference committee agreed and on December 23rd the two houses ratified and the President signed the measure.
http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/one_item_and_teasers/partydiv.htm
" 63rd Congress (1913-1915)
Majority Party: Democrat (51 seats)
Minority Party: Republican (44 seats)
Other Parties: 1 Progressive
Total Seats: 96"
http://www.bos.frb.org/about/pubs/begin.pdf
"partisan division was evident, but it was even sharper in the Senate; all Democrats supported the measure while all but six Republicans opposed it."
http://judiciary.senate.gov/about/PreviousCommitteeMembership.cfm#70-61
Democratic Members
Chairman Charles A. Culberson, Texas
Lee S. Overman, North Carolina
William E. Chilton, West Virginia
James O'Gorman, New York
Duncan U. Fletcher, Florida
James A Reed, Missouri
Henry F. Ashurst, Arizona
John K. Shields, Tennessee
Thomas J. Walsh, Montana
Hoke Smith, Georgia Republican Members
Clarence D. Clark, Wyoming
Knute Nelson, Minnesota
William P. Dillingham, Vermont
George Sutherland, Utah
Frank B. Brandegee, Connecticut
William E. Borah, Idaho
Albert B. Cummins, Iowa
Elihu Root, New York
This one lists a bit of the vote...but geocities...so reliability might come into question:
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/3616/flaherty2.html
"Nevertheless, the myth has no basis in fact. The House passed the bill 298-60 on the evening of Dec. 22, 1913.3 The Senate began debate the following day at 10am, and passed it 43-25 at 2:30pm.4"
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This answer gave the most detail.
3 members of the senate, according to the senate journal, were present on that day, December the 23rd, 1913. And they passed the Federal Reserve Act in the senate on an unanimous consent voice vote. There was no objection. Had there been one person there to object, and say in contest, the absence of a quorum, than it would not have passed.
You can start with Wikipedia and learn the vote was 43 yay to 25 nay with 27 absent, a good quorum and a neat legal package. Wikipedia is of course a tool of the International Banking Cartel, so we must dig deeper. We could go to historical record, and find that the 1914 National Bank News confirms the vote.
1.) The Federal Reserve Act of 1913
http://books.google.com/books?id=jp0YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA25&dq=%22federal+reserve+act%22+senate+recess+christmas+vote&ei=6ff8SMuqAY3kMs-__M8L
2.) New World Order
http://books.google.com/books?id=t_V2tswD0bkC&pg=PA28&dq=%22federal+reserve+act%22+senate+recess+christmas+vote&ei=h_f8SNq2EYOUMrvcwZ0L
You can start with Wikipedia and learn the vote was 43 yay to 25 nay with 27 absent, a good quorum and a neat legal package. Wikipedia is of course a tool of the International Banking Cartel, so we must dig deeper. We could go to historical record, and find that the 1914 National Bank News confirms the vote.
1.) The Federal Reserve Act of 1913
http://books.google.com/books?id=jp0YAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA25&dq=%22federal+reserve+act%22+senate+recess+christmas+vote&ei=6ff8SMuqAY3kMs-__M8L
2.) New World Order
http://books.google.com/books?id=t_V2tswD0bkC&pg=PA28&dq=%22federal+reserve+act%22+senate+recess+christmas+vote&ei=h_f8SNq2EYOUMrvcwZ0L
Actually...
"Wilson signs currency bill," New York Times, pp. 1-2, Dec. 24, 1913.
"The House passed the bill 298-60 on the evening of Dec. 22, 1913.3 The Senate began debate the following day at 10am, and passed it 43-25 at 2:30pm."
"Wilson signs currency bill," New York Times, pp. 1-2, Dec. 24, 1913.
"The House passed the bill 298-60 on the evening of Dec. 22, 1913.3 The Senate began debate the following day at 10am, and passed it 43-25 at 2:30pm."
The Senate actually passed the bill on December 19, 1913. The 23rd was when the two houses ratified and the President signed the bill.
The overall outcome was that the Senate passed the Federal Reserve Bill, 54-34 on December 19th with full Democratic support, and it indeed was a voice vote.
http://www.geocities.com/pthomas.geo/federal.html
http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=9e2_1225109931
The overall outcome was that the Senate passed the Federal Reserve Bill, 54-34 on December 19th with full Democratic support, and it indeed was a voice vote.
http://www.geocities.com/pthomas.geo/federal.html
http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=9e2_1225109931
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