It depends on the legal ties between the investor and the company.

If the investor does not legally own a stake in the company, I doubt you have much to worry about.

If the investor has a legal stake in the company, it can be frozen as an asset of the individual and disposed of as needed to pay off debt.

There have been plenty of "successful companies" that have been funded by fraud.

For instance, take the casinos of Nevada. My understanding is that once upon a time, many of the casinos were owned by mobsters. But as time went on and these businesses became more successful, they outgrew their mob roots.

Some of these guys surely went to prison for their deeds, but their businesses live on.

If you own the business and you knew nothing of the wrong doing, you probably have nothing to worry about. (So long as everyone else believes you.) If you are a legally separate entity, your biggest problem may be finding a new source of funding.

If you are trying to prevent this kind of thing from ever happening, well, first of all good luck. The feds have been trying to figure that one out for years. The best thing you can do is to make sure that you don't get yourself too closely in bed with anyone legally. Make sure whatever contracts you sign keep you and the other party separate. Don't merge bank accounts, companies, or anything else, without doing a LOT of investigation into the person you are considering doing this with.

But is that any different from getting married?
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