How does a laser thermometer work?
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The most basic design consists of a lens to focus the infrared energy on to a detector, which converts the energy to an electrical signal that can be displayed in units of temperature after being compensated for ambient temperature variation. This configuration facilitates temperature measurement from a distance without contact with the object to be measured. As such, the infrared thermometer is useful for measuring temperature under circumstances where thermocouples or other probe type sensors cannot be used or do not produce accurate data for a variety of reasons.
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so the "laser" bounces infrared light of the object which is then measured by a sensor after being bundled by a lens? I assume this lens is not the same as the one used to bundle the laser, but in that case there must be some sort of semitransparent agent to refract the "laser" in the same direction as the incoming light sensor is pointed. Did I get this right?
and what are the "mechanics" of measuring infrared radiation? how can i deduct the temperature of an object with it and what is the maximum distance I can be away from the object?
The infrared radiation is directed into a detector, which measures the amount of radiation. That is pretty much all there is to the mechanics. The detectors are just materials which change conductivity according to how much infrared light they are exposed to.
There is no maximum distance, however the thermometer takes the average temperature of a circular area. That circle is smaller depending on how close you get to the object you are measuring. This is like the circle a flashlight makes, the closer you move the flashlight toward the object the smaller the circle of light from the flashlight gets. So if you are really far away, you will just be measuring a bigger area.