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Xylem sap consists primarily of water, along with hormones, minerals, and nutrients.
Phloem sap consists primarily of water, in addition to sugar, hormones, and mineral elements dissolved within it.
Sap flows through sapwood, mainly in warmer weather.
It is unknown why sugar maples produce sweeter sap, but there is an article here which is full of information, including:
"The reason may lie in the structure of the wood where the sap is stored. If sap is collected once buds develop on the trees, it becomes less pleasing. The sugar maple has the longest period before buds develop, so the longest season to collect sap among the maples."
If you want to make some syrup and have the right trees, the article from The Massachusetts Maple Producers Association has the scoop.
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M$During winter when it is cold, suction develops allowing the water into the tree via the roots. This water will replenish the sap in the tree. It is known generally that sap flows during the day when it is warmer, but is is also observed to flow at night when temperature is above freezing point.
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