The Day the Universe Changed Episode 5

Science Revises the Heavens Part One

@2:20: James Burke boasts that he can go to any library and find an almanac that will report the exact moment the sun will rise in Vienna
@3:03: In 1535, there was a crisis in Vienna: Martin Luther and the Protestants were causing headaches for the Catholic Church
@3:56: church representatives from all over Europe agreed to meet officially in Trento, Italy
@4:30: It took the church ten years just to agree on what the Council of Trent was going to be about
@5:13: The Council of Trent specified church doctrine
@5:56: Just for questioning one word in the Bible, 16th Century Europeans could be thrown in prison
@6:00: The Council also decided that the Catholic Church had to draw more crowds, so they decided to add more "razzmatazz" to the churches, including lots of Baroque Art
@9:21: In the 16th Century, it was still widely believed that the earth was the center of the universe

@0:40: James Burke introduces Nicolaus Copernicus, who, in 1543, presented the Council of Trent with a manuscript detailing his theory that the earth revolved around the sun
@4:16: 16th Century Venetian mathemitician Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia studied the trajectory of cannon's
@5:10: In 1551, Tartaglia translated a book written by Archimedes that described what caused boats to float. Italians enthusiasm caused the book to become a best seller in Venice
@7:24: Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia's theory gained credence
@9:11: Plenty of gravitational experiments followed

@0:13: James Burke is on an island between Sweden and Denmark
@0:29: In 1572, Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe described what is now known as parallax
@4:14: In 1604, Galileo concluded that everything fell at the same rate. It was the first time nature had been described using the principles of mathematics. Thus began the Scientific Revolution
@5:59: In 1605, these theories were dangerous because Galileo's theories contradicted those of Aristotle
@6:34: In 1609, Galileo had his first look through a telescope. Soon after, he sold merchants on the idea of using the telescope to observe incoming ships, estimate their needs, and thus take advantage of prospective consumers
@7:57: In 1610, Galileo turned his telescope upwards and released his book, Starry Messenger, which blew 2500 years of authority and status quo apart
@8:44: Starry Messengerprovided details about the moon's craters, Jupiter's moons and sunspots
@9:12: Nicolaus Copernicus was right: the sun didn't orbit around the earth
@9:50: Scientifically speaking, the Bible was wrong

@0:24: Galileo was put in prison by the Church because they disagreed on how to spread this new wisdom
@1:03: WHile in Prague in 1613, Tycho Brahe studied the path of comets
@1:52: Tycho Brahe's assistant, Johannes Kepler, made new discoveries in the fields of astronomy and mathematics
@3:50: Johannes Kepler studied the laws of planetary motion
@5:51: Holland was the home of sums; Amsterdam was a tolerant and financial
@6:55: The theories of Rene Descartes, Galileo and Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia show how mathematics was used to create equations
@8:19: 17th Century England began producing instruments to propel the Scientific Revolution, including calculators, thermometers, barometers, microscopes and clocks. These new instruments and techniques made it possible to measure nearly everything

@0:32: All this math contributed to Sir Isaac Newton's Theory of Gravity
@2:02: In 1757, Halleys Comet was due, but Roger Joseph Boscovich was watching and knew it would be 19 months late
@3:10: Because of Roger Joseph Boscovich, the church's prohibition of Nicolaus Copernicus was lifted
@4:40: James Burke describes how we are all cogs in the cosmic clock