The Mahalo Top 7
- Wikipedia: Siege of Constantinople (718)
- WebChron: Muslims attack Constantinople 717-718
- Hellenica: Byzantine Army | Navy | Cataphract | Battle Tactics
- NeoByzantine: Warships | Greek Fire
- Christian Classics: From The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
- Encyclopedia Phoeniciana: Leo III, Byzantine Emperor (717 to 741)
- Believe: Umayyads
Second Siege of Constantinople Background and Causes
Byzantine - Arab Wars
- Mahalo's Guide to the First Siege of Constantinople
- Wikipedia: Byzantine - Arab Wars
- Christian Classics: The Limits of the Arabian Conquests
- Constitutional Rights Foundation: Muslim Conquests in Europe
Islamic Arab Empire
- University of Fordham: Islamic Expansion and Empire - to 750 CE
- Infomotions, Inc.: Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests
- Griffith University: 754 - Minimum: Losses to Arabs and Lombards
Early Byzantium
- SparkNotes: Getting There: Byzantium 650 - 870
- Hellenic Electronic Center: A Chronology of Events in the Eastern Roman Empire
- Friesian School: Early Byzantium, 610 - 1059
- Elpenor: Constantinoupolis on the web
- De Re Militari: The Garrisons of Constantinople in the Middle Byzantine Period
Second Siege of Constantinople Central Figures
Leo III the Isaurian
- Wikipedia: Leo III the Isaurian
- The Ohio State University Isthimia: Leo III and the Beginnings of Iconoclasm
- Roman Emperors: Leo III (717-741)
- Classic Encyclopaedia: Leo the Isaurian
- WildWinds: Byzantine Coinage of Leo III
Suleiman
- Wikipedia: Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik
- Wiki Books: Iranian History/Contents/The Umayyads
- IslamiCity: The Umayyads
Umar II
- Wikipedia: Umar ibn Abdul Aziz
- Old Hickory's Web Log: Umar II, reformer and model caliph
- Matrix: Chronology of the Marwani Umayyads, 692-750
Second Siege of Constantinople Images and Media
- Google Images: Second Siege of Constantinople Images
- Discover Turkey: The Walls of Constantinople
- YouTube Video: Byzantine Greek Fire (Time 2:41)
- YouTube Video: Byzantine Flame Thrower aka Greek Fire Thrower (Time 3:26)
Second Siege of Constantinople Books and Research
- Google Books: Second Siege of Constantinople Books
- Google Books: Proceedings of the 21st International Congress...
- Google Books: The Medieval Siege
- Amazon.com: Warfare, State And Society In The Byzantine World 565-1204
- Amazon.com: The Walls of Constantinople AD 324-1453
- Amazon.com: Byzantium at War
- Amazon.com: Studies in the Jihad and the Arab-Byzantine Frontier
Second Siege of Constantinople Blogs and Message Boards
- EAstanbul: Survival, 565–717 Blog (August 21, 2007)
- Shadowed Realm: Second Siege of Constantinople Message Board
- Civilization Fanatics: Cataphract vs. Dromon Forum
Second Siege of Constantinople Timeline
- 717: In March, Leo III becomes Emperor of Byzantium
- 717: Arab Caliphate of Umayyad besieges Constantinople
- 717: Bulgarians come to the aid of Constantinople
- 717: Caliph Suleiman dies in battle
- 717: The new Caliph, Umar II, continues the siege
- 717-718: Greek fire used against the attackers
- 717-718: Harsh winter decimates Arab land army
- 718: In the spring, 760 ships arrive as reinforcement for the attackers
- 718: In August, Arab forces retreat
- 718: Storm wrecks retreating Arab fleet; only five ships are left
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