King Arthur

Guide Note:
King Arthur of Britain is an iconic figure in legend and history. No definitive evidence has proven his existence, he remains a key figure in the history, myth, literature, art and culture of the Western world.
Fast Facts:
- Earliest Appearances: 5th-6th Century A.D.
- Multiple versions of the legend exist
- Has inspired countless films, operas, novels, plays and TV shows
- His scabbard was supposedly blessed to keep him from bleeding in battle
- Excalibur was a gift from the Lady of the Lake
Background and Lore
If Arthur existed, he most likely was a ruler who fought to repel Germanic invaders of England in the 5th and 6th Century. While later English writers such as Geoffrey of Monmouth in the 12th century and Thomas Mallory in the 15th century wrote of Arthur assuming that he was real, modern historians are not so sure. What remains consistent in retellings of the story of Arthur is the proof of his legitimacy in being able to pull a sword from a stone, an advice-giving wizard named Merlin, a group of loyal warriors known as the Knights of the Round Table, the quest for the Holy Grail, and a magic sword named Excalibur. Whether Arthur existed or not, his myth served as inspiration and justification for the rule of several English monarchs.
The Mahalo Top 7
- Wikipedia: King Arthur
- Arthurian Resources
- King Arthur & the Knights of the Round Table
- University of Rochester: The Camelot Project
- Britannia History: King Arthur
- Early British Kingdoms: King Arthur
- Merrie Haskell's King Arthur Site
King Arthur in History and Legend
- Caerleon Net: King Arthur The Legend
- Wikipedia: Historical basis for King Arthur
- Timeless Myths: King Arthur in History
- King Arthur, the Legend of Camelot
- Merrie Haskell's King Arthur Site: The Arthurian Legend
- Vortigern Studies: Artorius, Ambrosius, Arthur
- University of Idaho: An Archaeological Quest for the "real" King Arthur
- National Geographic: "Was King Arthur really King McArthur" (2004)
King Arthur Literary Evolution
Pre-Galfridian
- Wikipedia: Y Gododdin
- Academy for Ancient Texts: Culhwch ac Olwen
- The National Library of Wales: Black Book of Carmarthen
Geoffrey of Monmouth
- Wikipedia: Geoffrey of Monmouth
- Wikisource: Geoffrey of Monmouth Online Texts
- BBC-Wales History: King Arthur - Geoffrey of Monmouth
- Literary Encyclopedia: Geoffrey of Monmouth
Arthurian Romance
- Wikipedia: Chrétien de Troyes
- King Arthur: A Man for the Ages: Literary Review of Chrétien de Troyes
- Internet Medieval Source Book: Chrétien de Troyes, Lancelot, c. 1170
- Wikipedia: Marie de France
- Project Gutenberg: "The Lays of Marie de France" Online Text
- Wikipedia: Robert de Boron
The Vulgate Cycle
- Timeless Myths: The Vulgate Cycle
- Wikipedia: The Lancelot-Grail Cycle
- Jones' Celtic Encyclopedia: The Vulgate Cycle
- Wikipedia: Post-Vulgate Cycle
Sir Thomas Malory
- Wikipedia: Sir Thomas Malory
- Luminarium: Sir Thomas Malory
- Arthurian Legend: Le Morte d'Arthur Summary
- University of Virginia Library: Le Morte d'Arthur Online Text
The Victorian Revival & Early Modern Works
- Internet Sacred Text Archive: The Arthurian Miscellany: Victorian through Early Modern Online Texts
- The Literature Network: "Morte D'Arthur" and "The Lady of Shalott by Alfred Lord Tennyson
- Wikipedia: A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court by Mark Twain
Contemporary Literature
- 1958-77: The Once and Future King and The Book of Merlyn by T.H. White
- 1976: The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights by John Steinbeck
- 1979: The Mists of Avalon by Marion Zimmer Bradley
- 1987-99: The Pendragon Cycle Series by Stephen R. Lawhead
- 1992: The Camulod Chronicles by Jack Whyte
- 1993: The Avalon Series by Diana L. Paxson
- 1995: Merlin's Bones by Fred Saberhagen
King Arthur Images
- Google Image Search: Arthurian Legend
- Pittsburgh State University: Arthurian Legends Illustrated
- University of Rochester: The Camelot Project: The Artists
- University of Idaho: Arthurian Art Gallery
- Howard David Johnson: King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table
- Celtic Twilight: Arthurian Art
King Arthur Videos and Media
- YouTube & Google Video: King Arthur Search
- YouTube: The Search for King Arthur National Geographic Documentary (Time: 03:28)
- YouTube: Excalibur (1981) Film Trailer (Time: 02:25)
- YouTube: The Mists of Avalon (2001) Mordred Meets Arthur (Time: 09:43)
- YouTube: King Arthur (2004) Film Trailer (Time: 02:29)
- YouTube: The Last Legion (2007) Trailer (Time: 02:25)
- YouTube: Monty Python and the Holy Grail: The Black Knight Scene (Time: 04:25)
King Arthur Books and Merchandise
- Amazon.com: King Arthur Books | DVDs
- Powell's Books: King Arthur Books
- Barnes & Noble: King Arthur Books
- eBay: King Arthur Merchandise
- CafePress.com: King Arthur T-Shirts and Gifts
Notable King Arthur Films
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The majority of the following links are to IMDb, which has pop-ups
- 1967: Camelot (Film Musical)
- 1975: Monty Python and the Holy Grail
- 1981: Excalibur
- 1995: First Knight
- 1998: Merlin (TV miniseries)
- 2001: The Mists of Avalon (TV miniseries)
- 2004: King Arthur
- 2007: The Last Legion
King Arthur in News and Culture
- Google News: King Arthur
- Mahalo's Guide to Monty Python and the Holy Grail
- Monty Python's Spamalot
- The Broadway Musical Home: Camelot
- Wikipedia: The Mists of Avalon (TV miniseries)
- Wikipedia: Merlin The Broadway Musical
- Wikipedia: King Arthur in Various Media
- GameSpot: King Arthur Video Games
- Google Blog Search: Arthurian Legend
Related Searches
Guinevere | Merlin | Morgan Le Fay | Morgause | Lady of the Lake | Gawain | Uther Pendragon | Igraine | Camelot | The Round Table | Excalibur | Mordred | The Fisher King | The Mabigonian | Lancelot | Galahad | Percival | Monty Python and the Holy Grail | The Green Knight | The Holy Grail | King Arthur (Film) | Clive Owen | Keira Knightley | The Sword in the Stone | Sir Gawain and the Green Knight | John Steinbeck | Morte d'Arthur | Alfred Lord Tennyson | Idylls of the King | Mists of Avalon | Marion Zimmer Bradley | Chrétien de Troyes, Marie de France | Geoffrey of Monmouth | The Vulgate Cycle | Sir Thomas Malory | T.H. White | The Last Legion | Tintagel | Cornwall | Gorlois | Avalon
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