Jim Crow Laws

The Mahalo Top 7

1. Wikipedia: Jim Crow Laws
2. Smithsonian: Separate is Not Equal
3. PBS: The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow
4. Ferris State University: Who Was Jim Crow?
5. The History of Jim Crow: The Racial Customs and Rules of Racial Behavior... (2002)
6. Landmark Cases: Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)
7. American RadioWorks: Remembering Jim Crow

Jim Crow Laws Background and Causes

• The Encyclopedia of Arkansas: Jim Crow Laws
• PBS: The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow: Interactive Maps
• The Jackson Sun: "Examples of Jim Crow Laws" (2003)

Jim Crow Laws Origin

• PBS: The Jim Crow Era
• Ferris State University: What was Jim Crow?
• 1898 Wilmington: Origins of "Jim Crow" Laws
• The Jackson Sun: "Jim Crow Laws Denied Blacks Dignity, Vote" (2003)
• Virginia Studies: The Origin of "Jim Crow" (2002) (53KB) 

Compromise of 1877

• Wikipedia: The Compromise of 1877
• WebChron: The Compromise of 1877
• HarpWeek: Finding Precedent: Hayes vs Tilden

Jim Crow Laws in Transportation

• PBS: You Don't Have to Ride: Jim Crow!
• National Civil Rights Museum: Jim Crow Laws
• George Mason University: Digest Of Jim-Crow Laws Affecting Passengers in Interstate Travel
• Ohio Historical Society: "Jim Crow Law Upheld" (1920) and "Test Case on Jim Crow Law" (1918)
• Library of Congress: Negros to Ride (1868)

Jim Crow Laws in Public Places and Schools

• Library of Congress: Jim Crow Laws
• National Park Service: Jim Crow Laws
• American Radio Works: Segregation in Public Places
• National Museum of American History: Sitting for Justice
• Smithsonian: The Battleground: Separate and Unequal Education
• The Harrisonburg-Rockingham Experience: Jim Crow Laws Segregation
• History Cooperative: "Travelers, Strangers, and Jim Crow" (2005) (499KB) 

The Civil Rights Movement

• Mahalo's Guide to The Civil Rights Movement
• Wikipedia: African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)
• History Now: The Civil Rights Movement: Major Events and Legacies
• PBS: Eyes on the Prize: American Civil Rights Movement 1954 - 1985

Jim Crow Laws in Court

• Smithsonian: An Organized Legal Campaign
• The History of Jim Crow: Jim Crow Supreme Court Cases: Segregation
• Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum: Civil Right: Brown vs Board of Education
• Ferris State University: Plessy vs. Ferguson: Separate Isn't Equal
• The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow: Brown vs Board of Education
• Social Democrats, USA: "We Challenged Jim Crow" (1947)

Jim Crow Laws Overturned

• Smithsonian: Achieving Equality
• Wikipedia: Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act
• The Dirksen Congressional Center: Legislative History of H.R. 7152
• United States Department of Justice: Voting Rights Act of 1965
• LBJ for Kids!: Civil Rights During the Johnson Administration

Jim Crow Laws Historical Figures

Abraham Lincoln

• Mahalo's Guide to Abraham Lincoln
• Wikipedia: Abraham Lincoln
• Library of Congress: Mr. Lincoln's Virtual Library
• Project Gutenberg: The Every-day Life of Abraham Lincoln (1913)

Booker T. Washington

• Mahalo's Page on Booker T. Washington
• Wikipedia: Booker T. Washington
• National Park Service: Booker T. Washington National Monument
• West Virginia Division of Culture and History: Booker T. Washington's West Virginia Boyhood
• PBS: Tuskegee Institute Founded

W.E.B. Du Bois

• Mahalo's Page on W.E.B. Du Bois
• Wikipedia: W.E.B. Du Bois
• The New Georgia Encyclopedia: W. E. B. Du Bois in Georgia
• W.E.B. DuBois Learning Center: A Biographical Sketch of W.E.B. DuBois
• PBS: W.E.B. Du Bois

Woodrow Wilson

• Mahalo's Page on Woodrow Wilson
• Wikipedia: Woodrow Wilson
• The White House: Woodrow Wilson Biography
• PBS: A Portrait - Woodrow Wilson

Charles Hamilton Houston

• Mahalo's Page on Charles Hamilton Houston
• Wikipedia: Charles Hamilton Houston
• Cornwell University: Charles Hamilton Houston: A Gallery
• Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race & Justice: Charles H. Houston
• PBS: Charles Hamilton Houston

A. Philip Randolf

• Mahalo's Page on A. Philip Randolf
• Wikipedia: A. Philip Randolf
• National Labor College: A. Philip Randolf
• A. Philip Randolf Pullman Porter Museum: The Evolution & History of the Union
• PBS: A. Philip Randolf

Franklin D. Roosevelt

• Mahalo's Guide to Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Wikipedia: Franklin D. Roosevelt
• National Park Service: Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
• Franklin D. Roosevelt American Heritage Center: About FDR

Harry S. Truman

• Mahalo's Page on Harry Truman
• Wikipedia: Harry S. Truman
• Miller Center of Public Affairs: American President: Harry S. Truman
• The White House: Harry S. Truman

Thurgood Marshall

• Mahalo's Page on Thurgood Marshall
• Wikipedia: Thurgood Marshall
• Center for History and New Media: Thurgood Marshall Biography
• Landmark Cases: Landmark Case Biography: Thurgood Marshall
• Arlington National Cemetery: Thurgood Marshall

Jim Crow Laws Images and Media

• California Newsreel: The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow and The Strange Demise of Jim Crow
• Ferris State University: Jim Crow Museum Virtual Tour 
• The History of Jim Crow: Jim Crow Image Gallery
• Google Image Search: Jim Crow Laws
• Yahoo! Image Search: Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow Laws Books and Research

• "Interracial Marriage in the Shadows of Jim Crow" (2006) (200KB) 
• Blackwell Synergy: "Making Place, Making Race: Performances of Whiteness..." (2003) 
• Yale University: "An Analysis of Jim Crow Laws and their Effects on Race Relations" (1996)
• Cornell University Library: Jim Crow Bibliography
• Google Book Search: Jim Crow Laws Books
• Amazon.com: Jim Crow Laws Books

Jim Crow Laws Blogs and Message Boards

• Legal Theory Blog: Chin & Wagner on Jim Crow & the Counter-Majoritarian Difficulty
• The Black American Discussion: The King Legacy: Criticisms Can't Tarnish His Crown
• Center for Media and Democracy: Jim Crow Propaganda
• The Memories of One Jamaa: Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow Laws Timeline

• 1863: Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing slaves
• 1863: Reconstruction begins
• 1865: Freedmen's Bureau is established
• 1866: Klu Klux Klan forms
• 1868: 14th Amendment is ratefied
• 1870: Congress passes the Enforcement Acts
• 1871: Civil Rights Act is passed
• 1876: The Hayes-Tilden Election ends reconstruction
• 1883: The Civil Rights Act declared unconstitutional
• 1896: Plessy vs Ferguson Supreme Court case further limits the rights
• 1898: Williams vs Mississippi case is heard
• 1905: the Niagara Movement organizes
• 1906: Atlanta Race Riot takes place in Georgia
• 1906: The Brownsville Affair occurs in Texas
• 1909: NAACP is formed
• 1913: Segregation in the Government is initiated by Woodrow Wilson
• 1917: U.S. involvement in WWI strengthens serration's barriers
• 1919: Red summer riots take place in several places around the country
• 1922: The Moore vs Dempsey case is heard
• 1929: The Great Depression causes more problems for blacks
• 1938: The Gaines vs Canada case is heard
• 1941: A March is proposed on Washington to get the President to open jobs for blacks
• 1941: U.S army in WW2 remains segregated
• 1944: The Smith vs Allright case is heard
• 1946: The Morgan vs Virginia case is heard
• 1947: Jackie Robinson joins major league baseball
• 1947: Harry S. Truman supports civil rights
• 1954: Brown vs Board of Education offers a ruling key in overturning Jim Crow laws
• 1964: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 followed by the Voting Rights Act permanently ends Jim Crow laws