Guide Note:

An important moment in the history of human civilization, the Industrial Revolution of 1760-1830 was the culmination of a period of technological and mechanical advancement that allowed for changes and improvements in production and transportation on a massive scale. The transition, which may or may not be technically considered a "revolution," started in England before spreading throughout Europe and the United States.

Fast Facts:

1. Started: Around 1760
2. Ended: Around 1830-1840
3. Locations: Europe, North America
4. Term "Industrial Revolution" typically credited to Arnold Toynbee

Key Events

1. 1759: Construction begins on Bridgewater Canal
2. 1764: "Spinning Jenny" invented
3. 1793: Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin
4. 1811: Construction of Cumberland Road begins
5. 1830: First inter-city passenger railway, from Liverpool to Manchester, opens
6. 1858: First Trans-Atlantic telegraph cable

Innovators and Key Figures

1. Richard Arkwright: Inventor of the spinning frame
2. Henry Bessemer: Developed process for mass manufacturing steel
3. Andrew Carnegie: Steel magnate and philanthropist
4. Samuel Colt: Helped to develop and popularize the revolver
5. Robert Fulton: Developed first commercially viable steamboat

There remains much debate on the inspirations for Industrial Revolution, though most historians agree that innovations in agriculture, colonial expansion, scientific and technological progress and the end of Feudal systems of government all played a role. Some have suggested the movement was centered in Europe because of that continent's specific religious and social belief systems, particularly a focus on the individual over the collective and the so-called Protestant work ethic.

The Napoleonic Wars, which left Britain in a situation of relative economic and military power, are also frequently mentioned as a potential reason for that nation's key position in the development of industry, science and technology during this period.