Hutu and Tutsi

• Also try: Rwandan Genocide | Hotel Rwanda (Film)

The Mahalo Top 7

1. Wikipedia: Hutu and Tutsi
2. The Independent: Mastermind behind Rwanda genocide jailed for life (December 19, 2008)
3. BBC News: "Rebels Attend Congo Peace Talks" (January 7, 2008)
4. VOA News: International Community Concerned About Hutu Rebels in Eastern... (December 17, 2007)
5. Orville Jenkins: "Tutsi, Hutu and Hima -- Cultural Background in Rwanda" (2007)
6. Human Rights Watch: "The Meaning of 'Hutu,' 'Tutsi,' and 'Twa'" (1992)
7. YouTube: Rwanda Revisited (Time: 15:29)
   

Hutu and Tutsi Recent News Stories

• Google News: Hutu and Tutsi
• MSNBC: "Africa War Wounds Begin to Heal" (December 16, 2007)
• Deseret Morning News: "Hutus, Tutsis Making Peace in Rwanda" (December 13, 2007)
• Associate Press: "Rwanda Genocide Victims, Killers Meet" (December 12, 2007)
• Reuters: "Tutsis Refuse to Flee Congo Town As Army Advances" (December 10, 2007)
• The New York Times: "Resolving Crisis in Congo Hinges on Foreign Forces" (December 19, 2007)  
• Mail & Guardian Online: "DRC Army Attacks Rebel Base After Town Falls" (December 3, 2007)
• BBC News: "DR Congo Hutu Plan 'Won't Work'" (November 12, 2007)

Hutu and Tutsi Background

Hutu and Tutsi Origins

• Wikipedia: Origins of Tutsi and Hutu
• PBS: Online NewsHour: The Heart of the Conflict
• Kobenhanvs Univeristy: "Ethnicity as Myth: The View from the Central Africa" (1999) (277KB) 
• Google Book: Hutu and Tutsi

Tribalism and Nativism

• Wikipedia: Tribalism and Nativism
• TIME: "Tribalism: Raising Hope" (1998)
• Africa Action: "Talking about 'Tribe': Moving from Stereotypes to Analysis" (1997)
• World History Archives: "Tribalism in Africa" (1995)

Race Issues

• Wikipedia: History of Rwanda: Ethnic Strife and Independence
• Mount Holyoke College: Rwanda Genocide Contributory Factors: Ethnic Polarization
• Race Matters: A Deep Crisis, Shallow Roots  

Genocide

• Mahalo's Guide to Rwandan Genocide
• The History Place: Genocide in the 20th Century: Rwanda 1994
• BBC News: "Living With Rwanda's Hutu Rebels" (2005)
• The Austin Chronicle: "Burundi: History and Tragedy" (2005)
• BBC: "Rwanda: How The Genocide Happened" (2004)
• Mount Holyoke College: Media, Ethnicity, and the Rwanda Genocide (2004)
• The New York Times: "Rwanda's Paralyzing Wound: Hutu-Tutsi Killings" (1997)

Hutu and Tutsi Media

• Google Image Search: Hutu and Tutsi
• Live Search Images: Hutu and Tutsi
• YouTube: Rwanda Revisited (Time: 15:29)
• YouTube: No Winners War - DRC (Time: 8:53)
• BBC: Rwanda Genocide Videos

Hutu and Tutsi Blogs and Commentary

• WashingtonPost.com: "Ghosts of Rwanda" (November 28, 2007)
• Daily Kos Blog Post: If Tutsi Women Can Forgive the Hutu's... (October 11, 2007)
• Gateway Pundit Blog Post: Hotel Rwanda & The Tutsi-Hutu Conflict (2005)
• The New York Times: " The Tutsi And Hutu Need a Partition" (2000)
• The New York Times: "Hutu and Tutsi Ask: Is a Unified Rwanda Possible?" (1999)

Hutu Central Figures

National Council For The Defense of Democracy

• Wikipedia: National Council for the Defense of Democracy
• Worldpress: Burundi: Grappling With a Looming Political Crisis (2007)

Pierre Nkurunziza

• Wikipedia: Pierre Nkurunziza
• BBC News: "Burundi's Born-Again Ex-Rebel Leader" (2005)
• IRIN: "IRIN Interview Withe Pierre Nkurunziza" (2004)

Laurent Nkunda

• Mahalo's Guide to Laurent Nkunda
• Wikipedia: Laurant Nkunda
• BBC News: Profile: General Laurent Nkunda
• Human Rights Watch: "D.R. Congo: Arrest Laurent Nkunda For War Crimes" (2006)

Interahamweand and Impuzamugambi

• Wikipedia: Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi
• UNHCR: Rwanda: Information on the Role of the Interhamwe
• BBC News: "Interahamwe: A Serious Military Threat" (1999)
• Global Policy Forum: "Rwanda's Tormentors Emerge From the Forest to Haunt Congo" (2005)

Tutsi Central Figures

Rwandan Patriotic Front

• Wikipedia: Rwandan Patriotic Front
• Human Rights Watch: "The Rwandan Patriotic Front" (1999)
• The New York Times: "Rwandan Rebels Name Cabinet of Hutu and Tutsi, but..." (1994)

Paul Kagame

• Wikipedia: Paul Kagame
• Global Research.ca: "The Geopolitics Behind the Rwandan Genocide" (2006)
• BBC News: "Kagame: Quiet Soldier Who Runs Rwanda" (2000)

Hutu and Tutsi Timeline

• 1300: Hutu is an agricultural tribe living in the Rwanda - Burundi region
• 1400: Tutsi's migrate into the region with their cattle
• 1500: Tutsi's establish a monarchy and take control of the region
• 1600-1895: Kingdom of Rwanda expands and establishes a military
• 1894-1897: European explorers visit and take interest in Rwanda
• 1890: Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania are colonized and become German East Africa
• 1916: Belgium seizes German East Africa
• 1922: League of Nations Mandate gives Belgium rule of Rwanda and Burundi, known as Ruanda-Urundi
• 1946: Ruanda-Urundi Mandate becomes a territory of the United Nations Trust
• 1957-1961: Hutu's begin to revolt and overthrow the Tutsi monarchy
• 1961 Hutu majority votes to abolish monarchy, Rwanda becomes a republic
• 1961: Last Tutsti king Kigeli V Ndahindurwa goes into exile
• 1962: Rwanda declared independent from Belgium, Gregoire Kayibanda chosen president
• 1973: Juvenal Habyarimana Over Throws Gregoire Kayibanda
• 1975: The National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development is formed
• 1990-1993: Rwandan Civil War
• 1994: President Habyarimana is assassinated
• 1994: Rwandan Genocide kills 800,000, mostly Tutsi's
• 2006: Violence has subsided but many Rwandans are refugees