Crusades

The Mahalo Top 7

1. Wikipedia: Crusades
2. International World History Project: The Crusades
3. University of Calgary: End of Europe's Middle Ages - Crusades
4. Eyewitness to History: The Crusaders Capture Jerusalem, 1099
5. PBS: The Crusades
6. Catholic Encyclopedia: Crusades
7. Google Video: The Crusades Part 01 (Time: 1:11:00) | Part 02 (Time: 26:00)

Crusades Background and Causes

• Wikipedia: Immediate Cause of the First Crusade
• History Guide: The Holy Crusades
• Medieval Sourcebook (Fordham University): The Crusade of Frederick II, 1228-29
• HistoryNet: Third Crusade: Siege of Acre
• Boise State University: Crusades Online Course
• Middle Ages: Cause of the Crusades
• MedievalCrusades.com: Crusade Articles and Information

Islamic Perspective

• Wikipedia: Islamic Perspective on the Crusades
• Dumbarton Oaks: ...Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium... (2001) (64 KB)  
• Al-Ahram Weekly: The Crusades Through Muslim Eyes, review (March 2000)

Criticism of the Crusades

• Wikipedia: Dissent Against the Concept of Crusades
• Medieval Sourcebook (Fordham University): Annales Herbipolenses, 1147, Hostilie View of the Crusade
• Crusades Encyclopedia: Criticism of Crusading

Legacy of the Crusades

• Wikipedia: Legacy of the Crusades
• Sword History: Sword and Buckler Fighting among the Lost Crusaders
• University of Wisconsin Digital Collection: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe
• BBC News: Crusaders 'left genetic legacy' (March 27, 2008)
• Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council: Fighting Faiths (September 2005)
• Catholic Education Resource Center: Rethinking the Crusades (March 2000)

Crusades Central Figues

Pope Urban II

• Wikipedia: Pope Urban II
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Bl. Urban II
• IgnatiusInsight.com: Urban II: The Pope of the First Crusade  
• University of Michigan: Pope Urban II

Godfrey of Bouillon

• Wikipedia: Godfrey of Bouillon
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Godfrey of Bouillon
• Crusades Encyclopedia: Godfrey de Bouillon

Pope Innocent III

• Wikipedia: Pope Innocent III
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Innocent III
• Crusades Encyclopedia: Pope Innocent III

Richard the Lionheart

• Mahalo's Guide to Richard I, the Lionheart
• Wikipedia: Richard I of England
• Eyewitness to History: Richard The Lionheart Massacres The Saracens, 1191

Knights Templar

• Mahalo's Guide to the Knights Templar
• Wikipedia: Knights Templar
• Catholic Encyclopedia: The Knights Templar
• Middle Ages: Knights Templar

Crusades Images and Videos

• Google Video: Crusades Videos
• Google Images: Crusades Photos
• Yahoo! Images: Crusades Photos
• Google Video: The Crusades: Crescent and the Cross (Time 1h31)

Crusades Books and Research

• Amazon.com: Crusades Book Search
• Amazon.com: A History of the Crusades Vol. I
• Google Books: The History of the Crusades: For the Recovery and the Possession of the Holy Land
• Google Books: The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives

Crusades Blogs and Message Boards

• Catholic Community Forum: "Crusade": History of the Idea (April 10, 2008)
• Gospel.com: Church History’s Darkest Moment? Looking Back at the Crusades (January 30, 2008)
• The Crusades: Introduction (December 14, 2007)
• JoeUser.com: Islamic View of the Crusades (February 6, 2006)
• Godspy: The Real History of the Crusades, by Thomas F. Madden (August 15, 2005)

Crusades Timeline

• 1076: Muslims capture Jerusalem.
• 1095: Pope Urban II calls for a crusade to retake Jerusalem.
• 1099: Crusaders capture Jerusalem.
• 1100: Godfrey of Bouillon, first King of Jerusalem, dies.
• 1118: Hugh of Payns creates the Order of the Temple.
• 1124: Tyre falls to the Crusaders.
• 1144: Zengi takes Edessa, sparking the Second Crusade.
• 1147: Lisbon falls to the crusaders.
• 1160: Crusaders begin invasions of Egypt.
• 1174: Saladin takes Damascus.
• 1187: Saladin takes most of Latin Jerusalem.
• 1190: Kings Philip of France and Richard of England set out on the Third Crusade.
• 1191: The Crusaders lay siege to the city of Acre.
• 1193: Saladin dies.
• 1198: Pope Innocent II calls for the Fourth Crusade.
• 1204: Fourth crusade sacks Constantinople.
• 1208: Pope Innocent III calls for the Fifth, or Albigensian, Crusade.
• 1221: Fifth Crusaders surrender in the Nile delta.
• 1227: Frederick II is excommunicated for not beginning a crusade before the Pope's deadline.
• 1228: Frederick begins the Sixth crusade.
• 1229: Al-Kamil surrenders Jerusalem to Emperor Frederick II.
• 1248: King Louis IX departs for the Holy Land on the Seventh Crusade.
• 1270: Louis dies in North Africa on the Eighth Crusade.
• 1271: King Edward I of England leads the Ninth Crusade in a failed attempt to defeat the sultan of Baibers.
• 1272: Edward returns home to England upon learning of the death of his father, King Henry III.

Crusades in Popular Culture

• IMDb: Crusades Search  
• NPR: Crusades Dramatization Draws Religious Criticism (May 6, 2005)

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